An estimated 2 billion people, one third of the global population, are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. Spread through the air, this infectious disease killed 1.7 million in 2009, and is the leading killer of people with HIV. Tuberculosis (TB) is also a disease of poverty—the vast majority of tuberculosis deaths occur in the developing world. Exacerbating the devastation caused by TB is the growing threat of drug-resistant forms of the disease in many parts of the world. Drug-resistant tuberculosis presents a number of significant challenges in terms of controlling its spread, diagnosing patients quickly and accurately, and using drugs to treat patients effectively. In Russia in recent decades, the rise of these strains of TB, resistant to standard antibiotic treatment, has been exacerbated by the occurrence of social, political, and economic upheavals. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation, in conjunction with the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences held a workshop to discuss ways to fight the growing threat of drug-resistant TB. The New Profile of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Russia: A Global and Local Perspective: Summary of a Joint Workshop presents information from experts on the nature of this threat and how it can be addressed by exploring various treatment and diagnostic options. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 A Global Perspective on Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis3 Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in the Russian Federation4 Transmission and Infection Control of Drug-Resistant TB5 Diagnosis of Drug-Resistant TB6 Treatment of Drug-Resistant TB7 TB and Drug-Resistant TB in Vulnerable Populations8 The Second-Line Drug Supply Chain9 The Development of New TB Diagnostics and Drugs10 Convergence of Science and Policy to Create a Call for ActionReferencesAppendix A: AgendaAppendix B: Summary of a Meeting of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Held May 2425, 2010, Moscow, Russian FederationAppendix C: Participant Biographies
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