Transportation is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, with petroleum accounting for 90 percent of transportation fuels. Policymakers encounter a range of questions as they consider low-carbon fuel standards to reduce emissions, including total emissions released from production to use of a fuel or the potential consequences of a policy. Life-cycle assessment is an essential tool for addressing these questions. This report provides researchers and practitioners with a toolkit for applying life-cycle assessment to estimate greenhouse gas emissions, including identification of the best approach to use for a stated policy goal, how to reduce uncertainty and variability through verification and certification, and the core assumptions that can be applied to various fuel types. Policymakers should still use a tailored approach for each fuel type, given that petroleum-based ground, air, and marine transportation fuels necessitate different considerations than alternative fuels including biofuels, hydrogen, and electricity. Ultimately, life-cycle assessments should clearly document what assumptions and methods are used to ensure transparency. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummaryPart I: Background and Policy Context for Life-Cycle Analysis1 Introduction and Policy Context2 Fundamentals of Life-Cycle Assessment3 Life-Cycle Assessment in a Low-Carbon Fuel Standard PolicyPart II: General Considerations for Life-Cycle Analysis4 Key Considerations: Direct and Indirect Effects, Uncertainty, Variability, and Scale of Production5 Verification6 Specific Methodological Issues Relevant to a Low-Carbon Fuel StandardPart III: Specific Fuel Issues for Life-Cycle Analysis7 Fossil and Gaseous Fuels for Road Transportation8 Aviation and Maritime Fuels9 Biofuels10 Electricity as a Vehicle FuelAppendix A: Conclusions and RecommendationsAppendix B: Committee Members' Biographical SketchesAppendix C: Open Session Agendas
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